Isotope evidence from fossil otoliths shows Caribbean reef food chains have shrunk by up to 70%, signaling a major loss of ...

The second trophic level is made up of primary consumers. These are herbivores that eat plants, algae and other producers. Some types of primary consumers include deer, mice, cows and elephants. In an ...

A new analysis published in the journal Nature highlights the dimensions of modern coral reef degradation, according to an international team of researchers, including scientists from Boston College's ...

Born in food web ecology, the concept of trophic levels -- the hierarchy of who eats who in the natural world -- is an elegant way to understand how biomass and energy move through a natural system.

Predators typically are larger than their prey, and consequently, trophic level should increase with body size. Whereas this relationship has helped in developing predictions about food web structure ...

Species numbers alone do not fully capture how ecosystems are changing. In a global study, scientists analyzed long-term data from nearly 15,000 marine and freshwater fish communities. They found that ...

Ongoing production and use of organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) have resulted in widespread environmental contamination, with levels occasionally ...

Human activity has lessened the resilience of modern coral reefs by restricting the food-fueled energy flow that moves through the food chains of these critical ecosystems, reports an international ...