The use of 1,3-butadiene as a cheap and abundant raw material for new applications has attracted more interest in recent decades, specifically in the chemical industry. A recently published review ...

Transition-metal-catalysed cross-coupling reactions, which are critical for developing molecular complexity in organic syntheses, typically exploit homogeneous organometallic complexes 9,10,11.

Berzelius stated that catalysts remain unaltered in their reaction environment. However, catalyst deactivation always becomes noticeable at certain timescales, frequently hindering commercial ...