Earth's crust ranges from 5 to 70 kilometers in thickness and serves as the planet's outermost layer. This thin shell represents less than one percent of Earth's total mass, yet it's the only layer we ...

thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density. Each of the layers are bounded by "pauses" where the greatest changes in thermal characteristics, chemical ...

When you look at photographs of Earth from space, the planet looks like a blue marble, with patterns of clouds lying on the surface of the marble. It seems as if Earth's atmosphere is incredibly thin, ...

As much as we should appreciate and protect the atmosphere that immediately embraces this planet, the other layers of the atmosphere are essential too and provide services we may not readily recognize ...