This paper explains the 2 popular reference models: OSI reference model and TCP/IP model, by comparing the functionality of each layer in both models.

Whether it’s wired or wireless, most data communications today happens by way of packets of information travelling over one or more networks. But before these networks can work ...

The OSI and TCP/IP network stacks contribute to the uniformity of network communication by ensuring basic behavior on the parts of both computers, including the insertion of meta data in packets.

A tutorial on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model plus tips on how to memorize the seven layers.