Probability density function is a statistical expression defining the likelihood of a series of outcomes for a continuous variable, such as a stock or ETF return.

This paper is concerned with the determination of tight lower and upper bounds on the expectation of a convex function of a random variable. The classic bounds are those of Jensen and ...

A random variable is one whose value is unknown or a function that assigns values to each of an experiment’s outcomes. A random variable can be discrete or continuous.

It has been proved that when random numbers or their reciprocals are raised to higher and higher powers, they have log distribution of most significant digit in the limit. The property is also ...