A p-value of 0.05 or lower is generally considered statistically significant. P-value can serve as an alternative to—or in addition to—preselected confidence levels for hypothesis testing.

During his Ph.D. research, mathematician Tyron Lardy worked on a new approach to hypothesis testing. Instead of the traditional p-value, he uses so-called e-values. These turn out to be more ...

A mathematical ritual known as null hypothesis significance testing has led researchers astray since the 1950s.

In this article, we explore the theory, assumptions and interpretation of the Fisher’s exact test, used to investigate associations between two categorical, binary variables with small sample sizes, ...

I would like to respond to a recent letter by Mr. Robert Lem regarding Superintendent Critchfield’s characterization of Idaho’s 2025 ISAT results. Mr. Lem writes: ...

The product of Fisher’s significance test is a p value, and the product of a Neyman-Pearson hypothesis test is a decision to accept or reject a hypothesis.

A t-test is an inferential statistic used in hypothesis testing to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the means of two samples.

This paper presents a review and critique of statistical null hypothesis testing in ecological studies in general, and wildlife studies in particular, and describes an alternative. Our review of ...

Quitting p-values cold turkey was a drastic step. “The null hypothesis significance testing procedure is logically invalid, and so it seems sensible to eliminate it from science,” says ...

Thomas Sellke, M. J. Bayarri, James O. Berger, Calibration of p Values for Testing Precise Null Hypotheses, The American Statistician, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Feb., 2001), pp ...