What are the “Independent” and “Dependent Variables?” In short, independent and dependent variables are conceptual variables that exist in any true experimental design – with an ...

Dependent variables vary by the factors that influence them, but independent variables stand on their own – changes in other variables have no effect on them.

Charles O. Crawford, Functions of Independent Variables in Research and Program Planning, Public Health Reports (1896-1970), Vol. 84, No. 9 (Sep., 1969), pp. 831-834 ...