What are the “Independent” and “Dependent Variables?” In short, independent and dependent variables are conceptual variables that exist in any true experimental design – with an ...

Independent, dependent, and hidden variablesIndependent, dependent, and hidden variables Constructing theories means introducing concepts which are not directly observable. They should, however, ...

Dependent variables vary by the factors that influence them, but independent variables stand on their own – changes in other variables have no effect on them.

Charles O. Crawford, Functions of Independent Variables in Research and Program Planning, Public Health Reports (1896-1970), Vol. 84, No. 9 (Sep., 1969), pp. 831-834 ...