Open-loop systems lack support for more flexible fare structures unless layered with complex eligibility processes or closed-loop add-ons.

Festo introduces its Controlled Pneumatics technology which features digital closed-loop control for applications ranging from welding and gripping to dispensing and pumping.

With open-loop payment systems, that moment belongs to a third party. Your brand fades into the background. Closed-loop cards, however, hand the moment back to you.