Various logic gates—AND, OR, XOR, NAND, NOT, CNOT, and a half adder—could be put together using different combinations of robots. The DNA gates all take two inputs in the form of other molecules.

The multipliers were designed by using a full adder as non-reversible (original), a reversible full; an adder by Feynman gate. The area and delay were calculated and multiplied, and the following ...