Have you ever needed to power a 12-volt relay in a circuit but only had 6 or 9 volts available? This simple circuit will solve that problem. It allows 12-volt relays to be operated from 6 or 9 volts, ...
In Seemingly Simple Circuits: The TL431 Voltage Regulator, Part 2, we looked at how voltage gain of the TL431 is measured. Now we plunge deeper in, to look at closed-loop output resistance, derive ...
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