Can biology be explained entirely in terms of chemistry and then physics? If so, that’s “reductionism.” Or are there “emergent” properties at higher levels of the hierarchy of life that cannot be explained by properties at lower or more basic levels? Contribute what you can to help Closer To Truth continue exploring the world's deepest questions without paywalls: https://closertotruth.com/donate/ Jean-Pierre Changeux is a French neuroscientist known for his research in several fields of biology,